To address the educational and health needs of students, it is necessary to first assess their physical health and well-being. Health screening techniques allow for early identification of suspected abnormalities. Subsequently, parents and educators can utilize all available health information to plan educational programs and related activities most suited to each student's needs and abilities.
Screening is a traditional part of school health services. It centers on vision and hearing since impairment of these senses can interfere with learning, occurs with significant frequency in students, and can be detected with acceptable accuracy by good screening techniques. When referrals from such screening programs result in appropriate examination and corrective measures (which may include classroom placement as well as medical/surgical measures), their value is unquestionable. However, without well organized plans for referral and follow-up, even the best screening activities fail to help those found to have impairments.
In addition to vision and hearing, s. 381.0056, F.S. requires provisions for growth and development screening, health appraisal, health counseling, nursing assessment, nutrition assessment, preventive dental program, and scoliosis screening. Each component will be considered with information covering rationale for screening, target groups, screening techniques, record keeping, criteria for referrals (including expected levels), timely follow-ups, and program evaluations.
- Noninvasive screening means any screening procedure in which the skin or any body orifice is not penetrated.
- Invasive screening means any screening procedure in which the skin or any body orifice is penetrated. However, simple procedures commonly used during the evaluation of the health status of a student, such as: an oral temperature measurement; the use of a tongue depressor to examine the throat, tympanometric screening, or the use of an otoscope to visualize the middle ear are not considered invasive and may be performed by an appropriately trained health care provider without the expressed written consent of the parent or legal guardian.
Essential health information is obtained through periodic inquiries of students and parents, continuous observation by school personnel, periodic screening, and by regular examinations by physicians and dentists. Continuity of health information is important because it allows for a comparison with the student's previous health status. It also aids early recognition of change (favorable or unfavorable) and knowledge of the referral outcome for any previously detected problem. An adequate system of record keeping and regularly scheduled record review and analysis by trained personnel is necessary to ensure continuity in each student’s documented health information.